Three Questions About…Animal Sex
Perrin Roosevelt Ireland’s new book about nature’s “horndogs” is a wild and feminist ride.
By Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson
Did you know that climate change is causing the albatross divorce rate to spike? Or that lionesses have sex 100 times when in heat? Perrin Roosevelt Ireland’s new illustrated book, Poking the Squid: What We Can Learn From Animal Sex, will teach you everything you had no idea you didn’t know about how non-humans do it. Ireland is an artist and environmentalist whose book is an utterly delightful journey through the animal kingdom, brought to life with her effusive watercolor drawings. We asked Ireland about animals’ pleasure, sexual orientation, and gender behavior—and how these things intertwine with feminist and queer theory. (They do!)
One of the things I most appreciate about this book is how scientifically rigorous it is. You interviewed more than 50 scientists, and read hundreds of peer-reviewed papers. What’s the wildest thing you learned while researching?
We could do more rigorous reassessing of evolutionary theories, specifically sexual selection theory. For example, Kaya Tombak, an evolutionary biologist, said to me that we’ve never actually studied whether egg cells are more energetically intensive to make in the body than sperm cells.
We assume the animal that makes eggs is more invested in the fate of the offspring, wants to have sex less frequently, and is going to energetically protect her body. Victorians were the ones generating the initial theory that, like Darwin, sets up these gender roles that we repeat and replicate and project onto animals: female animals that are coy, less interested in sex, and want to take care of babies. And you have males that want to wander the globe and shoot their shot because sperm’s easy to make. This set of assumptions comes up over and over again in the way we talk about animals. So I started asking each of the researchers whether [those assumptions] had been assessed in [the species they study]. And often they would say, “No, and I don’t even know how you would design that experiment.”
One theme of the book is that earlier researchers were also blinded by their own heteronormativity. Then, over time, we’ve learned that actually there is incredible sexual diversity across the animal kingdom. So what can humans learn from animal sex? More specifically, what can we learn from animals about how to have better sex?
I think we can learn that sexual diversity is biodiversity, that “all God’s critters got a place in the choir.” Animals don’t kill each other when they change sex countless times across a lifetime [as some fish and amphibians do]. They don’t harm each other or remove each other from communities if they’re carrying a multiplicity of sexes in one body [as banana slugs and earthworms do]. They are partaking of pleasure without judgment. And they are sexual geniuses. Life has come up with astoundingly inspiring ways to keep making more of itself.
And I love the “better” question because better for who? What works for me, what is better for me, might not be for another animal, given what they need in their evolutionary history and for their species to thrive. Like, dolphins can teach us better oral sex because they are echolocating on each other’s genitalia. And dolphins can access frequencies far beyond the scope of human hearing. So we can’t even imagine how pleasurable that might be. And then you pair that with more recent developments of understanding how innervated and complex the dolphin clitoris is and how large it is, and that’s quite a compelling combination.
My first exposure to your work was being charmed by your deadpan Instagram videos where you hula hoop while explaining the sexual behaviors of various species. But before that, you worked at the Natural Resource Defense Council for a decade, and the majority of what you post on social media is about habitat conservation. Help us connect these dots between animal sexual diversity and conservation.
It’s pretty hard to be an animal lover during a sixth mass extinction. Part of why I talk a lot about animals to people is to not be alone with that. It’s so excruciating to me every day. And I can’t talk about my joy in finding out how much sex a lioness has when she’s in heat, which is so fun, without talking about habitat loss and climate change. We are currently making impossible the kinkery we celebrate in this book. I can’t talk about albatross monogamy without talking about how much plastic they’re living in. I can’t talk about a 50-pound elephant dick without talking about how the savanna’s gone. I can’t talk about seal lesbian relationships without talking about how fur seals got listed as endangered after this book went to the printer.
The environmental movement’s communication for my whole lifetime has been about loss, about despair, about stemming tides of harm, and not as much focused on the beautiful world we want. How do I invite people in, in a planetary crisis, to this sense of resilience and ability to act from a place of love? I just want to provide people an opportunity to get a giggle and then take an action on behalf of the horndogs that they most admire in the book.
Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson is a marine biologist, teacher, and author of What If We Get It Right?: Visions of Climate Futures.